Soviet Russia 452.01. Section 1

M. Hickey Old Science Hall Office 130 389-4161 hickey@planetx.bloomu.edu

Office Hours: T, Th 2-3:30; W, 2:00-4:00.

Navigation links for this syllabus:

Introduction Class Participation Written and In-Class Report

Term Paper Final Exam Required Texts FINAL EXAM QUESTION

Weekly Schedule and Links to Study Questions

Quoting, Paraphrasing, Summarizing, Plagiarism/ Footnotes, Endnotes, Parenthetical Citations

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Introduction: Since the USSR collapsed, access to previously closed archives and a wealth of new evidence has helped us refine and revise our understanding of several important historical questions. But documents long hidden in the archives have not answered all of our questions, nor have they dampened heated debates over key issues of Soviet history.

This course addresses many of those issues and considers the following questions: Why did the Bolshevik Revolution occur? How did the Soviet leadership reassemble the fragments of Russia’s former empire and how did the realities of functioning as a multi-national state shape the Soviet system? What enabled Stalin’s rise to power? How did Soviet citizens cope with the enormous strains of industrialization, collectivization, state terror, and the other policies associated with Stalinism? How can we explain the terror of the 1930s? How was the USSR able to defeat Hitler and at what costs? How did subsequent Soviet leaders confront the legacies of Stalinism? What elements of the Soviet system impeded and continue to impede reform? What dynamics led to the system's collapse?

A grade of "A" in this course means that your cumulative score on assignments equals 93 percent or more of possible points. A-=90-92; B+=88-89; B=83-87; B-80-82; C+=78-79; C=73-77; C-=70-72; D+= 68-69; D=60-67.

Your grade will be based upon: Class Participation (20 percent); a Written and In-Class Report (10 percent); a Term Paper (30 percent); and a Final Exam (40 percent). The due date for the report depends upon your topic; the Term Paper is due at our last class session.

I will enforce university policy on cheating and plagiarism as defined at the website http://www.bloomu.edu/academic/acadpol.shtml.

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Class Participation: This class is a reading seminar. My minimum expectation is that you attend class having completed all readings for the week. Your grade will be based upon the quality of your contributions to class discussions. Attendance is mandatory, and your participation grade will fall in direct ratio to the percentage of class meetings that you miss.

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Written and In-Class Report: By Week III you must select a topic on which you will conduct supplemental readings. You will read three articles in major historical journals (or one book) addressing that topic. I must approve your selections. You will write a short (2-4 page) essay in which you explain the thesis of each article and compare each to the position taken by Suny in The Soviet Experiment. You will turn in the paper at the session during which we discuss your topic. During that session, you will also present the class with the main points of your paper. I will grade your written report on the basis of its logic, clarity, and accuracy. The in-class report is mandatory; failing to present it will void your written report grade.

Choosing a Topic for your Written and In-Class Report: The subsections of each chapter in the Suny book provide good report topics. Look over the table of contents, skim the sections that interest you, and then choose a topic. I will schedule you to report at the session during which we discuss that chapter and subsection.

Finding articles or books for your : Start by looking in The Russian Review and The Slavic Review, but note that significant articles might appear in other journals as well. To locate articles, you will have to learn to use the library, and in particular to use electronic data bases like “FirstSearch,” “Historical Abstracts,” and “Humanities Index.” You should also consult the “Suggestions for Further Reading” at the end of each chapter in the Suny book, and ask me for suggestions. Some articles and books will be in our library, but others will require use of interlibrary loan. It is your responsibility to obtain the articles, so don't delay! You must consult with me, and I must approve your choice.

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Term Paper: By Week V, you must choose a topic from the list below or in consultation with me.

Either locate and read primary sources (such as document collections, newspapers, memoirs, and US government documents) that shed light on that topic, then using these sources write a research paper that makes a clear and supportable argument about the topic;

Or read a minimum of four books and eight journal articles on the topic, then write an historiographic essay that compares and contrasts the arguments of different historians on the topic.

Finding Primary Sources: In addition to the Siegelbaum document collection assigned for this course, you can find dozens of published collections of translated documents and memoirs in our library and on inter-library loan. You need to hunt for these using library databases and by searching the bibliographies of other books on the topic. There are a also few very good collections of translated documents on the internet--follow the links on my Russian and Soviet History Resource Page. English-language newspapers are often an interesting source on Soviet history—try searching the New York Times Index, for instance. And the State Department kept a close watch of Soviet affairs; the series Foreign Relations of the United States, Russia and the Soviet Union, for instance, has many interesting materials related to some of the assigned topics.

Don't hesitate to ask me for help.

You may have to order books and articles through interlibrary loan, so don't delay!

Finding Secondary Sources: Try doing “subject” and “keyword” searches on the various databases at the library, use Suny’s “Suggestions for Further Reading,” sift through the bibliographies of other books and articles, and (as always) ask me for help. You may have to order books and articles through interlibrary loan, so don't delay.

Writing your paper:

Research Papers: If you are doing a research paper, then your aim is to ask and answer a clear and important historical question about the topic. Define your question as clearly as possible. Explain what (if anything) Suny has written about your topic in The Soviet Experiment. Then use the primary source materials to make a coherent argument that—to the extent possible given the sources—answers your question. Make sure that you are conscious of the limits of your sources. And be sure that the evidence supports your argument

Historiography Papers: Historiography is the history of historical writing. Your aim in a historiographic essay is to explain changes in historical interpretation across time or differences between various “schools” of historical interpretation. Define your topic as clearly as possible. Then analyze the works that you have read, either in chronological order or by historiographic “school.” Discuss the thesis of each work and the kinds of sources the author has employed, then explain how it relates to previous historical interpretations. Assess the relative strengths and weaknesses of each work or school. Finally, come to a working conclusion as to the most useful interpretative approach to your topic.

Whether you choose to write a research paper or a historiographic essay, your paper must be at least 10 pages long (typed, double-spaced), not counting endnotes. You must use endnotes to document the source of all quoted, paraphrased, and summarized material. Your paper is due by Tuesday, 3 December (but you can turn it in earlier). I will grade your paper on the basis of its clarity, logic, accuracy, and utilization of source material.

Potential Topics Term Papers:

A) Workers in the 1917 Revolution B) The Bolshevik Party in 1917 C) Bolshevik Policies During the Civil War

D) Military Aspects of the Civil War E) Social Policy During NEP F) Cultural Policy During NEP

G) Party Power Struggles During NEP H) Economic Policy During NEP I) Trotsky and Politics in the 1920s

J) Stalin and Politics in the 1920s K) Soviet Foreign Policy in the 1920s

L) State Policy towards Collectivization in the 1930s M) State Industrial Policy in the 1930s

N) State Science/Educational/Cultural Policy in the 1930s O) The State and Famine in the 1930s

P) Peasant Resistance to Collectivization Q) Workers and Resistance to State Labor Policy in the 1930s

R) The Causes of the Terror in the 1930s S) The Impact of the Terror in the 1930s T) Soviet Foreign Policy in the 1930s

U) The Red Army in World War Two V) Soviet Domestic Politics During World War Two

W) Stalin and the Post-War State X) The USSR and the Origins of the Cold War

Y) Khrushchev's Rise to Power Z) Labor Policy and/or Conflict Under Khrushchev

@A) Agricultural Policy under Khrushchev @B) Foreign Policy Under Khrushchev (including the Cuban Missile Crisis)

@C ) Politics Under Brezhnev @D) State Social Policy Under Brezhnev

@E) Foreign Policy Under Brezhnev (including the "Second Cold War") @E) The Meaning of the Gorbachev Era

Or you can choose your own topic in consultation with me.

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Final Exam: In November I will give you a take-home final exam. It will be an essay question, and it will require you to draw together material from all of our assigned readings and also from outside readings. It will be due at our scheduled final exam meeting. Your essay must be at least ten pages long (typed, double-spaced), not counting endnotes. I will grade your exam on the basis of its logic, clarity, accuracy, and use of relevant evidence. It is due at our final exam session. FINAL EXAM QUESTION

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Required Texts:

Ronald Grigor Suny, The Soviet Experiment: Russia, the USSR, and the Successor States (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998)

Rex A. Wade, The Russian Revolution, 1917 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000)

Lewis Sieglebaum and Andrei Sokolov, Stalinism as a Way of Life: A Narrative in Documents (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2000)

Gabriel Temkin, My Just War: The Memoir of a Jewish Red Army Soldier in World War II (Novato, CA: Presidio, 1998)

Stephen Kotkin, Armageddon Averted: The Soviet Collapse, 1970-2000 (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001)

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Weekly Schdule and Links to Study Questions

Week I (27, 29 Aug): Late Imperial Russia.

Suny, 1-19. Link to Suny study questions.

Wade, preface and pages 1-17. Link to Wade study questions.

Week II (3, 5 Sept): Bolshevism, World War One, and the February Revolution.

Suny, 19-39. Link to Suny study questions.

Wade, 17-52. Link to Wade study questions.

Linked documents: Link to web-linked documents assignment.

This includes the following documents: Vladimir Lenin "On the Two Lines in the Revolution" (at http://www.marx2mao.org//Lenin/TLR15.html); The Abdication of Nikolai II, March 15, 1917
(at http://www.dur.ac.uk/~dml0www/abdicatn.html); and The First Provisional Government (at http://www.dur.ac.uk/~dml0www/provgov1.html)

Week III (10, 12 Sept): The “February System” and the Provisional government.

Read Suny, 39-52. Link to Suny study questions.

Wade, 53-231. Link to Wade study questions.

Last opportunity to get approval of report topic.

Week IV (17, 19 Sept): Bolsheviks come to power, their first steps, the onset of the Civil War.

Suny, 52-72. Link to Suny study questions.

Wade, 232-298 Link to Wade study questions.

Linked documents. Link to web-linked documents assignment.

This includes the following documents: The Decree on Peace (at http://www.dur.ac.uk/~dml0www/peacedec.html); Lenin on the organization of the Cheka (at http://www.dur.ac.uk/~dml0www/cheka.html);and The Declaration of Rights of Toiling and Exploited Peoples (at http://www.dur.ac.uk/~dml0www/decright.html).

Week V (24, 26 Sept): The Civil War, the non-Russian peoples, dictatorship, and the origins of NEP.

Suny, 72-139. Link to Suny study questions.

Linked documents. Link to web-linked documents assignment.

This includes the following documents: V. I. Lenin, "Preliminary Draft Resolutions of the 10th Congress of the R.C.P" (at http://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1921/mar/x01.htm); Lenin's "Last Testament" (at http://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1922/dec/testamnt/congress.htm).

Last opportunity to get approval for term paper topic.

Week VI (1, 3 Oct): NEP and the intra-party struggle.

Suny, 140-213. Link to Suny study questions.

Linked documents. First, re-read the documents assigned for last week! Link to web-linked documents assignment from last week. [This includes the following documents: V. I. Lenin, "Preliminary Draft Resolutions of the 10th Congress of the R.C.P" (at http://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1921/mar/x01.htm); Lenin's "Last Testament" (at http://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1922/dec/testamnt/congress.htm].

Second, I will give each of you one or two short document excerpts from the political and policy debates of the 1920s. You will have to "report" on that document--you will be responsible for making the argument made by the author of your document during the policy debates. We will in effect reconstruct the debates, with each of you acting as one of the key "players."

Also, and this is optional (!!!), I have set up links to full-length texts of some key documents by Trotsky and Stalin. Go to these by clicking to the Web-Linked Documents For Week VI page. These documents are picked from the J. V. Stalin Internet Library (http://www.marx2mao.org//Stalin/Index.html) and the Leon Trotsky Internet Archive (http://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/index.htm).

Also, read the Introduction to Siegelbaum (1-27) . Link to Siegelbaum questions.

Week VII (7, 9 Oct): The Stalin Revolution, Collectivization, and Industrialization.

Suny, 217-251. Link to Suny study questions.

Discuss Siegelbaum Intro (see last week's links).

Siegelbaum, 28-157. Link to Siegelbaum questions.

Week VIII (15, 17 Oct): Politics, purges, and terror in the 1930s.

Suny, 252- 268. Link to Suny study questions.

Siegelbaum,158-281. Link to Siegelbaum questions.

Week IX (22, 24 Oct): Stalinist culture and public life in the 1930s.

Suny, 269-290. Link to Suny study questions.

Siegelbaum, 282-424. Link to Siegelbaum questions.

Week X (29, 31 Oct): Soviet foreign policy and the USSR in the Second World War.