Fall 2005
Michael C. Hickey Office: 130 OSH, x4161 Hours: M-W, 4:00-5:00; T-Th, 2:00-3:30 mhickey@bloomu.edu
Navigate this page: Course Description Assignments and Evaluation Required Texts
GRADED ASSIGNMENTS
Class Participation Exam One Exam Two Exam Three
Term Paper List of term paper assignments
USEFUL LINKS
Hickey's Russian and Soviet Resource Page Maps, Chronologies, and Photos
"MUST READ" NOTICES
How to Avoid Plagiarism On Disruptive Behavior
Using Endnote Form Required Exam/Paper Format
Course Description:
This course is a survey of 1,000 years of Russian history, from the end of the 9th to the early 20th century. In previous semesters, roughly half the course was devoted to the period 800-1600 and roughly half devoted to the period 1600-1914. This semester, however, we will move very quickly through the history of Russia before the 1600s and concentrate almost entirely on Russia under the Romanov Dynasty, which reigned from 1613 to 1917.
Why the change in the focus of the course? Because since 1992, students have been asking that this course be divided into two different classes, "Ancient and Medieval Russia" and "Imperial Russia." Year after year, students said that a millennium is too much time to cover in a 300-level course and they would like more time to explore topics more deeply. I have always agreed with this position, but until now I had refrained from splitting the class into two courses because there were not enough (inexpensive) readings in English to run the "Ancient and Medieval Russia" section. Now there are, and it makes sense to break the class into two courses.
So, the class that you are taking this semester really should be called "Imperial Russia." But the formal title and content changes have not yet gone through the university committee system... So, here we are in "Russia to 1917," but with a focus on 1600-1914.
After briefly reviewing the history of Kievan Rus, the "Mongol Yoke," and the rise of Muscovy, we will turn our full attention to the foundation of the Romanov Dynasty and major turning points in the history of Russia under the Romanovs.
Among the topics on which we we will concentrate are
This course is designed as a reading seminar. We will read and discuss booksand documents that deal with major themes in Russian history. I will provide you with discussion questions for our common readings (posted as links to this web site). You are to answer these questions (in writing) and bring your answers (and your books) with you to class each week. Your written answers will serve as a starting point for our seminar discussions.
Assignments and Evaluation
Your grade will be based upon class participation (20 percent), three exams (10 percent, 20 percent, and 30 percent), and a term paper (20 percent).
Your final grade is based upon a 1,000 point scale.
Late assignments: Students may turn papers in late only under conditions of an excused absence.
Absence Policy: "Excused" absences mean medical, family, or university-related events (etc.) that the student has discussed with me in advance and/or that are documented by the university administration.
Regarding Cheating and Plagiarism: Please read the linked warning re. plagiarism.
Regarding disruptive behavior: Please read the linked statement regarding disruptive behavior in the classroom.
Required Texts:
Nicholas Riasanovsky and Mark Steinberg, A History of Russia to 1855, Seventh Edition (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005)
Basil Dymytryshyn, Imperial Russia, a Source Book, the "Academic International Press Edition" (reprint based on the Third Edition, Fort Worth: Holt, Rinehart, Winston, 1990). If you can find the 1990 Third Edition, the contents are identical...
W. Bruce Lincoln, The Great Reforms: Autocracy, Bureaucracy, and the Politics of Change in Imperial Russia (DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1990)
You also will be required to read three academic monographs for your term paper.
Class Participation (20 percent of the course grade)
Your grade will be based upon the quality of your contributions to class discussions.
Complete all assigned readings on time, take notes that answer the linked discussion questions, ask and answer questions in class, be a good listener, and take notes during discussions. Attendance of all sessions is mandatory. Your participation grade will fall in direct proportion to your unexcused absences.
During the last four weeks of class, you will integrate into class discussion information you have learned from your term paper readings. This will constitute an important aspect of your class participation grade.
Group presentation: I may at points divide the class into groups of four or five students and assign each group to be discussion leaders for particular class sessions. Each group will then work together on "its" class session and prepare questions or other in-class assignments for that session’s readings. In these cases, group members should communicate their plans, questions, etc., with each other (and, if desired, with me) via e-mail in advance of their class sessions.
EXAM ONE (10 percent of course grade). Due 21 September.
Write an essay that answers one of the following questions using the relevant assigned readings. (Do not use "outside" material for this exam!)
Your paper must have a clear thesis (an answer to the question or a solution to the problem). It must utilize evidence to prove this thesis. It must be at least three pages long (not counting endnotes), typed, double-spaced with one-inch margins and no cover page. Use endnotes to document your use of sources. And follow the required format for exams and papers.
Your grade will be based upon the paper's clarity, logic, and use of evidence.
Choose one:
A) There is on-going debate among Russian historians over the relationship between the civilization of Kievan Rus and Muscovy and European civilization. Is it best to consider "Russia" before 1600 as a European culture, as an Asiatic culture, or as "something else"? Use the assigned readings sources to take and defend a position in this debate.
B) Many historians argue that the political history of Kievan Rus and Muscovy was characterized by the development of a strong centralized autocratic state. They argue that we should understand the rise of the autocracy as a continual process that began in Kievan Rus' and continued into the reign of the Romanovs. Other historians argue that this perspective is far too over-simplistic and that there are several important discontinuities. (In other words, that there are examples of non-autocratic institutions in early Russian history and that the power of the Kievan Grand Prince and the Muscovite Tsar was not really as great as to be "autocratic.") Which position would you take in this debate? Use the assigned readings to take and defend a position in this debate.
C) Many Russian historians argue that before the "Mongol Yoke" Russia had been following a path of economic and social development similar to that of Europe. According to this argument, the Mongols shattered Russia's economy and society to such a degree Russia subsequently lagged centuries behind Europe. Other historians have argued that despite destruction caused by the Mongols (which they consider to have been limited), the period of Mongol dominance also contributed a great deal to the development of Russia's culture, economy, and state. How would you access the impact of the Mongol Yoke? Use the assigned readings and an additional handout reading (see me) to take and defend a position in this debate.
EXAM TWO (20 percent of course grade). Due 19 October.
Write an essay that answers one of the following questions using the relevant assigned readings. (Do not use "outside" material for this exam!)
Your paper must have a clear thesis (an answer to the question or a solution to the problem). It must utilize evidence to prove this thesis. YOU MUST USE EVIDENCE FROM ASSIGNED DOCUMENTS! Your paper must be at least five pages long (not counting endnotes), typed, double-spaced with one-inch margins and no cover page. Use endnotes to document your use of sources. And follow the required format for exams and papers.
Your grade will be based upon the paper's clarity, logic, and use of evidence.
Choose one:
A) Historians often debate the degree to which Peter the Great's reforms actually transformed Russian society. If we compare Russian society at the time of Peter the Great to Russian society in 1800, do we find that Peter's reforms had a great effect? Using the sources we have read in common (the textbook and documents), take and defend a position on the question of whether the Petrine reforms resulted in the transformation of Russian society in the 18th century.
B) Many historians argue that the reforms instituted by Peter the Great and his 18th century successors (including Catherine the Great) created a great cultural rift between Russian nobles and Russian peasants. Would you agree? Use the sources we have read in common (the textbook and documents) to explain and defend your position.
C) Many historians argue that attempts at reform in Russia under Peter the Great and Catherine the Great were paradoxical and could not succeed. The reason, they argue, is that the tsarist regime tried to establish a system based upon "rule of law" without giving up its own claim to stand above the law. Instead of resulting in a stronger state, these "attenuated" efforts at reform would eventually created a gulf between the state and the educated population. Based upon the sources we have read in common (the textbook and documents), do you agree that the 18th century reforms were paradoxical? Explain and defend your position.
EXAM THREE (30 percent of course grade). Due at final exam session.
Write an essay that answers one of the following questions using the relevant assigned readings and material you have read for your term paper.
Your paper must have a clear thesis (an answer to the question or a solution to the problem). It must utilize evidence to prove this thesis. Your paper must be at least seven pages long (not counting endnotes), typed, double-spaced with one-inch margins and no cover page. Use endnotes to document your use of sources. And follow the required format for exams and papers.
Your grade will be based upon the paper's clarity, logic, and use of evidence.
Choose one:
A) One of the remarkable features of the history of Russian intellectual life is that in the Nineteenth Century the government faced exceptionally broad opposition from members of Russia's "elite" social classes. Based upon our common readings and (if relevant) your term paper readings, explain why "upper class" Russians joined the opposition movement and the revolutionary movement against Autocracy in the 1800s. Remember that the nature of the opposition movement and the revolutionary movement changed during that century, so you will need take those changes into consideration!
B) Many historians argue that the central goal of Alexander II's Great Reforms was to create a more dynamic society under the guidance and control of the Autocracy, so that the Autocrat could more effectively mobilize and utilize the energies of Russian society to preserve the Russian State's status as a "great power." Based upon our common readings and (if relevant) your term paper readings, do you think that the Great Reforms were a success or a failure? Be sure to discuss specific reform measures and their results and to explain what about the subsequent five decades of Russian history leads you to your conclusion.
C) Historians argue over whether Late Imperial Russian society was becoming more stable or more fragmented in the decades before World War One. Some historians hold that forces of "modernization" (such as the development of a market economy), coupled with the Autocracy's resistance to reform, had fragmented. In this view, the educated public had grown hostile towards the Tsarist state and the "lower classes" had grown hostile towards the propertied classes and the Tsarist state. In contrast, other historians argue that the Great Reforms, the industrialization process, the spread of education and other public institutions, and the constitutional reforms following the 1905 Revolution had actually made Russian society more cohesive and stable. Take a position in this debate--was Russian society was becoming more stable or more fragmented in the decades leading to World War One? Defend your position using the sources we have read in common and (if relevant) your term paper readings.
TERM PAPER (20 percent of course grade). Due 30 November
Write a term paper on a topic related to the history of Late Imperial Russia (1880-1917), based upon readings from the attached list of term paper assignments.
Each student will choose a topic from the attached list of term paper assignments. We will do this by lottery: each student will draw a number which will determine the order for picking topics.
You will use information from your term paper readings to contribute to discussion during the last four weeks of the course, and this will be an important part of your overall participation grade. Therefore, you are to complete your readings by 16 November.
After reading the three books (or the equivalent) on your topic, you will write a paper that is at least five pages long (excluding endnotes). In this paper you will
Be sure that you use endnotes to document your use of sources and that you follow the required format for exams and papers.
Your grade will be based upon the paper's clarity, logic, and use of evidence.
Link to list of term paper assignments.
Weekly Schedule
Click on the links for the reading assignments to get the study questions. Also, I'll be posting suggested additional web-based readings at various points during the semester.
R&S refers to Nicholas Riasanovsky and Mark Steinberg, A History of Russia to 1855, Seventh Edition (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005)
Dmyt. refers to Basil Dymytryshyn, Imperial Russia, a Source Book, the "Academic International Press Edition" (reprint based on the Third Edition, Fort Worth: Holt, Rinehart, Winston, 1990). If you can find the 1990 Third Edition, the contents are identical...
Linc. refers to W. Bruce Lincoln, The Great Reforms: Autocracy, Bureaucracy, and the Politics of Change in Imperial Russia (DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1990)
Week I: 31 Aug. Course overview
Week II: 7 Sept. From Ancient Rus to the Rise of Moscow
Assignment: R&S, pp. 3-104
Week III: 14 Sept. Muscovite Russia
Assignment: R&S, pp. 105-195
Week IV: 21 Sept.: Peter the Great
Assignment: R&S, pp. 197-222; Dmyt. pp. 1-49, 139-140
Midterm I Due.
Week V: 28 Sept. From Peter to Catherine the Great
Assignment: R&S, pp. 223-234; Dmyt. pp. 49-64, 69-73, 140-141, 143-149
Week VI: 7 Oct. Catherine the Great and Paul
Assignment: R&S, pp. 235-255; Dmyt. pp. 73-93, 100-117, 137-138, 141-142, 149-152, 326-328
Week VII: 12 Oct. Eighteenth Century Economy, Society, and Culture
Assignment: R&S, pp. 256-278; Dmyt. pp. 64-69, 94-99, 117-136
Week VIII: 19 Oct. Alexander I
Assignment: R&S, pp. 279-300; Dmyt. pp. 153-165, 175-199, 201-233
Midterm II Due.
Week IX: 26 Oct. Nicholas I
Assignment: R&S, pp. 301-316; Linc. pp. 3-35; Dmyt. pp. 199-201, 234-245, 261-267, 286-288, 334-335
Week X: 2 Nov. Culture and Society, 1801-1855
Assignment: R&S, pp. 317-340; Linc. pp. 3-35; Dmyt. pp. 245-260, 271-282, 284-285, 305
Week XI: 9 Nov. Alexander II and the Great Reforms
Assignment: Linc. pp. 36-158; Dmyt. pp. 267-268, 282-284, 304-311
Week XII: 16 Nov. Alexander III, Nicholas II, and Counter-Reform I
(Late Imperial Government, Political Movements, and Economics)
Assignment: Linc., pp. 159-191; Dmyt. pp. 337-344, 345-363, 372-399, 405-408
Be prepared to discuss information from Term Paper Readings! See questions on study question link!
Jessica Fiedor, James Potteiger, Brian Bishop, and Nicole Delosier should be prepared to discuss their individualized readings!
Week XIII: 23 Nov.): No Class (Thanksgiving)
Week XIV: 30 Nov. Alexander III, Nicholas II, and Counter-Reform II
(Social Groups, Social Change, and more on the Revolutionary Movement)
Assignment: Linc. pp. 192-203; Dmyt. pp. 345-363, 400-405, 425-431
Be prepared to discuss information from Term Paper Readings! See questions on study question link!
Mary Jo Larcom, Jenna Corbett, Nicole Voyce, Katie Catizone, Erika Van der Mark-Geary, Andy Hemsarth, and Ryan Kennedy, James Potteiger, Nicole Delosier, and Brian Bishop should be prepared to discuss their individualized readings!
Term Papers Due.
Week XV: 7 Dec. : 1905-1917 (War, Revolution, Reform, War, Revolution)
Assignment: Linc., pp. 192-203; Dmyt. pp. 409-523
Be prepared to discuss information from Term Paper Readings! See questions on study question link!
Everyone should be prepared to discuss their individual readings!
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Week XVI: Final Exam
Maps
In addition to the maps in Riasanovsky, you may find it useful to review these:
the map of Russia in 1723 at http://www.bell.lib.umn.edu/historical/hmap2.html (click on the map to enlarge any specific region)
the 1820 map of the Russian Empire at http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/historical/russian_empire_1820.jpg (a very large file)
the 1882 maps of the Russian Empire at http://www.dcn.davis.ca.us/~feefhs/maps/ruse/mapiruse.html, which are broken down into various regional maps.
There are "period" maps of Moscow in the 1500s and 1600s and of St. Petersburg in the 1700s at http://historic-cities.huji.ac.il/russia/russia.html that you might find interesting.
See also the links to various maps sites in the MAPS section of my Russian and Soviet History Resource Page at http://facstaff.bloomu.edu/hickey/Russian%20and%20Soviet%20History%20Resource%20Page.htm#Maps
Chronologies and documents
There are several on-line site with useful chronologies and documents on Russian history. See, for instance, the History pages at http://www.departments.bucknell.edu/russian/index.html.
You will find more such sites if you browse the many history-related links at Hickey's Russian and Soviet Resource Page.
Photos
There are some interesting photos of Late Imperial Russia at http://cmp1.ucr.edu/exhibitions/russia/russia.html and at http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/empire/.
Formatting your exams and papers:
All exam papers for this course must be typed in 12 point Times Roman font, with one inch margins. Type your name in the top right hand corner of the first page. All pages must be numbered. Staple papers in the top left hand corner.
Do not "double-skip" between paragraphs!
All quotations must be placed in quotation marks (except in the case of bloc quotations). All quotations, paraphrases, and direct summaries must be accompanied by endnotes in proper form. See the reminders On Plagiarism and On Endnote Form.
Term Paper Topics and Reading Lists
You may design your own topic, but only with my approval.
You also may substitute other readings for those listed here, but only with my approval.
For the purpose of this paper, three articles in scholarly journals on Russian history will be treated as equivalent to a book. Again, you must have my prior approval of articles before making any substitution.
Many but not all of these books are in our library. You may have to order one or more books through Interlibrary Loan.
Topics and Readings:
Nobles, Noble Politics, and Noble Life
S. Becker, Nobility and Privilege in Late Imperial Russia. DeKalb, 1985.
R. Manning, The Crisis of the Old Order in Russia: Gentry and Government. Princeton, 1982.
P. Roosevelt, Life on a Russian Country Estate: A Social and Cultural History. New Haven, 1995.
Peasants and Peasant Life
C. Worobec, Peasant Russia. Family and Community in the Post-Emancipation Era. Princeton, 1981/DeKalb, 1998.
J. Burds, Peasant Dreams and Market Politics: Labor Migration and the Russian Village, 1861-1905. Pittsburgh, 1998.
R. Edelman, Proletarian Peasants: The Revolution of 1905 in Russia's Southwest. Ithaca, 1987.
Workers and Urban Life
V. Bonnell, Roots of Rebellion: Workers Organizations and Politics in St. Petersburg and Moscow, 1900-1914. Berkeley, 1983.
M. Steinberg, Moral Communities: The Culture of Class relations in the Russian Printing Industry, 1867-1907. Berkeley, 1992.
C. Wynn, Workers, Strikes, and Pogroms: The Donbass-Dnepr Bend in Late Imperial Russia, 1870-1905. Princeton, 1992.
Soldiers and Nation Building
D. Rich, The Tsars Colonels: Professionalism, Strategy, and Subversion in Late Imperial Russia. Cambridge MA, 1998.
J. Bushnell, Mutiny and Repression: Russian Soldiers in the Revolution of 1905-1906. Bloomington, 1985.
J. Sanborn, Drafting the Russian Nation: Military Conscription, Total War, and Mass Politics, 1905-1925. DeKalb, 2003.
Orthodox Clergy and Religion
G. Freeze, The Parish Clergy in 19th Century Russia: Crisis, Reform, Counter-Reform. Princeton, 1983.
C. Chulos, Converging Worlds: Religion and Community in Peasant Russia 1861-1917. DeKalb, 2003.
C. Evtuhov, The Cross and the Sickle: Sergei Bulgakov and the Fate of Russian Religious Philosophy. Ithaca, 1997.
Merchants and Business Elites
T. Owen, Capitalism and Politics in Russia: A Social History of the Moscow Merchants, 1855-1905. Cambridge, 1981.
A. Rieber, Merchants and Entrepreneurs in Imperial Russia. Chapel Hill, 1982.
B. Ruckman, The Moscow Business Elite: A Social and Cultural Portrait of Two Generations. DeKalb, 1984.
Students and Teachers
S. Kassow, Students, Professors, and the State in Tsarist Russia. Berkeley, 1989.
B. Ekloff, Russian Peasant Schools: Officialdom, Village Culture, and Popular Pedagogy, 1864-1914. Berkeley, 1986.
S. Morrissey, Heralds of Revolution: Russian Students and the Mythologies of Radicalism. Oxford, 1998.
Peasant and Working Class Women
B. Engel, Between the Fields and the City: Women, Work, and Family in Russia, 1861-1914. Cambridge, 1994.
R. Glickman, Russian Factory Women: Workplace and Society, 1880-1914. Berkeley, 1984.
L. Bernstein, Sonia's Daughters: Prostitutes and Their Regulation in Imperial Russia. Berkeley, 1995.
Women in the Inteligentsia and Professions
B. Engel, Mothers and Daughters: Women of the Intelligentsia in Nineteenth Century Russia. Cambridge, 1983.
C. Ruanne, Gender, Class and the Professionalization of Russian City Teachers, 1860-1914. Pittsburgh, 1994.
L. Edmondson, Feminism in Russia, 1900-1917. Stanford, 1984.
Civil Society
E. Clowes, et. al. eds., Between Tsar and People: Educated Society and the Quest for Public Identity in Late Imperial Russia. Princeton, 1991.
O. Crisp and L. Edmondson, eds., Civil Rights in Imperial Russia. New York, 1989.
A. Lindenmeyer, Poverty is Not a Vice: Charity, Society, and State in Imperial Russia. Princeton, 1996.
Law and the Professions
W. Wagner, Marriage, Property, and Law in Late Imperial Russia. New York, 1994.
J. Hutchinson, Politics and Public Health in Revolutionary Russia, 1890-1918. Baltimore, 1990.
N. Frieden, Russian Physicians in an Era of Reform and Revolution, 1856-1905. Princeton, 1981.
Civil Servants and the State Administration
T. Pearson, Russian Officialdom in Crisis: Autocracy and Local Self Government, 1861-1900. Cambridge, 1989.:
R. Robbins, The Tsar's Viceroys: Russian Provincial Governors in the Last Years of the Empire. Ithaca, 1987.
B. Adams, The Politics of Punishment: Prison Reform in Russia, 1863-1917. DeKalb, 1996.
Autocracy and its Symbols (focus on Alexander III)
P. Zainchkovsky, The Russian Autocracy under Alexander III. Gulf Breeze, 1976.
H. Whelan, Alexander III and the State Council: Bureaucracy and Counter Reform in Late Imperial Russia. New Brunswick, 1982.
R. Wortman, Scenarios of Power: Myth and Ceremony in Russian Monarchy. Vol. 2. Princeton, 2000.
Nicholas II
D. Lievan, Nicholas II: Twilight of the Empire. New York, 1993.
M. Ferro, Nicholas II: The Last of the Tsars. Oxford, 1993.
A. Verner, The Crisis of the Russian Autocracy: Nicholas II and the 1905 Revolution. Princeton, 1990.
Popular Culture and Crime
J. Brooks, When Russia Learned to Read: Literacy and Popular Literature, 1861-1917. Princeton, 1985.
S. Frank, Crime, Cultural Conflict, and Justice in Rural Russia, 1856-1914. Berkeley, 1999.
J. Neuberger, Hooliganism: Crime, Culture, and Power in St. Petersburg, 1900-1914. Berkeley, 1993.
Urbanization
J. Bradley, Muzhik and Muscovite: Urbanization in Late Imperial Russia. Berkeley, 1985.
J. Bater, St. Petersburg: Industrialization and Change. London, 1976.
M. Hamm, ed., The City in Late Imperial Russia. Bloomington, 1986.
Political Conservativism through 1905
D. Rawson, Russian Rightists and the Revolution of 1905. New York, 1995.
E. Judge, Plehve: Repression and Reform in Imperial Russia, 1902-1904. Syracuse, 1983.
E. Thadan, Conservative Nationalism in Nineteenth Century Russia. Seattle. 1964.
Political Liberalism to 1905
A. Walicki, Legal Philosophies of Russian Liberalism. Notre Dame, 1992.
R. Pipes, Struve: Liberal on the Left, 1870-1905. Cambridge MA, 1970.
R. Pearson, The Russian Moderates and the Crisis of Tsarism, 1914-1917. New York, 1977.
Populism and Terrorism to 1905
D. Hardy, Land and Freedom: The Origins of Russian Terrorism, 1876-1879. Westport, 1987.
N. Naimark, Terrorists and Social Democrats: The Russian Revolutionary Movement Under Alexander III. Cambridge, Ma., 1983.
A. Geifman, Though Shalt Kill: Revolutionary Terrorism in Russia, 1894-1917. Princeton, 1995.
Marxism to 1905
S. Baron, Plekhanov: The Father of Russian Marxism. Stanford, 1973.
L. Haimson, The Russian Marxists and the Origins of Bolshevism. Cambridge, Ma. 1955.
A. Wildman, The Making of a Workers' Revolution: Russian Social Democracy, 1891-1903. Chicago, 1967.
Enthic Minorities: Jews
B. Nathans, Beyond the Pale: the Jewish Encounter with Late Imperial Russia. Berkeley, 2002.
I. Mendelson, Class Struggle in the Pale: The Formative Years of the Jewish Workers' Movement in Tsarist Russia. Cambridge, 1970.
J. Frankel, Prophecy and Politics: Socialism, Nationalism, and the Russian Jews, 1862-1917. Cambridge, 1981.
Economic Change
T. Owen, The Corporation Under Russian Law, 1800-1917: A Study in Tsarist Economic Policy. Cambridge, 2002.
P. Gatrell, The Tsarist Economy, 1850-1917. London, 1986.
J. McKay, Pioneers for Profit: Foreign Entrepreneurship and Russian Industrialization, 1885-1913. Chicago, 1970.
The 1905 Revolution
S. Schwarz, The Russian Revolution of 1905: The Workers Movement and the Formation of Bolshevism and Menshevism. Chicago, 1967.
L. Engelstein, Moscow, 1905: Working-Class Organization and Political Conflict. Stanford, 1982.
A. Ascher, The Russian Revolution of 1905, vol. 1, Russia in Disarray. Stanford, 1988.
The Post-1905 State and Reform
A. Ascher, P. A. Stolypin: The Search for Stability in Late Imperial Russia. Stanford, 2001.
G. Hosking, The Russian Constitutional Experiment: Government and Duma, 1907-1914. Cambridge, 1973.
J. Pallot, Land Reform in Russia, 1906: Peasant Responses to Stolypin Project of Rural Transformation. Oxford, 1999.
Foreign Policy
D. McDonald, United Government and Foreign Policy in Russia, 1900-1914. Cambridge MA, 1992.
D. Mackenzie, Imperial Dreams, Harsh Realities: Tsarist Foreign Policy, 1815-1917. New York, 1994.
D. Geyer, Russian Imperialism: The Interaction of Domestic and Foreign Policy, 1860-1914. Oxford, 1987.
Bolsheviks and Mensheviks to 1917
R. Service, Lenin, A Biography. New York, 2003.
R. Williams, The Other Bolsheviks: Lenin and His Critics, 1904-1914. Bloomington, 1986.
I. Getzler, Martov: A Political Biography of a Russian Social Democrat. Cambridge, 2003.
Socialist Revolutionaries to 1917
C. Rice, Russian Workers and the Socialist-Revolutionary Party through the Revolution of 1905-1907. New York, 1988.
M. Hildemeir, The Russian Socialist Revolutionary Party Before the First World War. New York, 2000.
M. Melancon, The Socialist Revolutionary Party and the Anti-War Movement, 1914-1917. Columbus, 1990.
World War One and Russia Society
H. Jahn, Patriotic Culture in Russia During World War I. Ithaca, 1995.
P. Gatrell, A Whole Empire Walking: Refugees in Russia During World War I. Bloomington, 1999.
N. Stone, The Eastern Front, 1914-1917. New York, 2004 (or any earlier edition).
