42.125 Western Civilization to 1650

William V. Hudon
Department of History
Bloomsburg University
Office: OSH 105
Telephone: 389-4159
Fall 2007 office hours: Tu/Th 9:00--10:30AM; W 12 Noon--1:30; or by appointment.

e-mail: whudon@bloomu.edu

Textbooks:

Mary E. Wiesner, et al., edsDiscovering the Western Past: A look at the evidence, volume I: to 1789, 6th edition (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2007).  In the outline of class meetings, this is abbreviated as "DISCOVERING".

Mark Kishlansky, Patrick Geary and Patricia O'Brien, A Brief History of Western Civilization: The Unfinished Legacy, 5th edition, Volume I: to 1715 (New York: Addison, Wesley, Longman, 2007). In the outline of class meetings, this is abbreviated as "KGO".

    NOTE: You may feel free to share the cost of the second book (Kishlansky, Geary, O'Brien) with a friend in class, and trade it back and forth for reading.  You may use the earlier (4th) edition of KGO. You may also read the pertinent chapters in any other RELIABLE overview of the first half of the history of western civilization.  Is you choice "reliable"?  See me, and bring it with you.

Course requirements:    1.  Regular attendance in class is essential for success.  Generally speaking, attendance, reading, preparation, participation, and active engagement with the primary sources are the keys to success in this course.
   
    2. Class
participation (100 points).  To succeed in this course, you must engage historical sources directly and critically.   These sources come in two varieties, primary and secondary.  We will engage them critically in class, utilizing the study questions distributed in class or on line, plus those found in the document chapters in DISCOVERING.  The discussions in which you must participate will focus upon those questions.  You must read the assigned material in order to be able to answer the questions.  In addition to regular class participation, students may gain extra credit by composing effective in-class practice essays at the conclusion of two units (see course outline below).  These essays will revolve around the results of class discussions during the unit, and require students to compose an essay that answers a question posed by the instructor.  Students must argue a thesis that answers the question posed, and support the thesis using evidence from primary sources.  Students must also compose their answers utilizing background information synthesized from the reading of KGO.  These practice essays will be written in an open-book manner, and will be graded on a scale of 1-20.  These extra points will be added into the final average.  If done well, these essays will provide effective preparation for the final examination.  Additional extra credit in the course can be earned through steady, informed participation in the class discussions.

    3. Multiple choice examinations (2 @ 50 points each).  There will be two (2) multiple choice examinations over the course of the semester.  They will be on Tuesday, 9 October and Tuesday, 13 November.  The examinations will cover specific chapters in KGO, as listed below in the course outline.


    4. Term paper/essay (100 points).  You will write one (1) brief (3 page) term paper in this course.   This paper is due on Wednesday, 12 December, no later than 12 Noon, either in my office in hard copy, or as a Microsoft Word e-mail attachment to my e-mail address  The essay must be written on one of the sets of documents in DISCOVERING that has examined in class to that pointYou will also need to consult the background information in the introduction to the relevant chapter in DISCOVERING, PLUS the pertinent chapter or chapters in KGO.  The paper/essay must indicate what conclusions about the past can be drawn from the sources contained in one of the first three units (your choice).   The paper must be NO LONGER (or shorter) than three (3) FULL, type-written, double-spaced pages.  All papers must have a title page in the standard form.  All hard copy submissions must be secured with a STAPLE in the upper left-hand corner.  Each paper must argue a THESIS, and sustain that thesis with PRIMARY SOURCE evidence taken from the texts/sources under examination.  Textual evidence must appear as QUOTATIONS worked into your paragraphs in the form of DIRECT ADDRESS.  When using images as sources, evidence must consist of close description of the part of the image to which the student is referring.  Papers must be written in standard expository style, with five (5) paragraphs in all.  Sloppiness and typographical errors will not be tolerated: if I encounter more than two (2) misspellings or errors in basic grammar on any given page, there will be an automatic one (1) letter grade deduction.  Additional written instructions are available by clicking on TERM PAPER GUIDE here, or by locating the link on my main page (http://facstaff.bloomu.edu/hudon).  Oral explanation of the contents of that guide will follow in class at a later date.  NO EXTENSION OF THE DUE DATE IS POSSIBLE.  Early submissions will be gratefully accepted.

    5. Final examination (200 points).  Final examination will be held on Tuesday, 11 December, 8-10AM.  This examination will consist of one (1) document based question.  This examination will test your historical knowledge, and your ability to independently put into practice the method we have used in class over the semester.  You will be required to write a coherent, argumentative essay addressing the exam question with use of primary historical documents, some of which we will not have used in class to that point.  The primary documents will relate to the early-modern era in western history (1450-1650), covered in KGO in chapters 11, 13, and 15.  To study for this examination, read those chapters in KGO very carefully, and be familiar with major events, persons, and changes in this period.  To be fully effective, your answer to the question must indicate what conclusions about the early modern period generally can be drawn from the sources used as documents.  Your answer must argue a THESIS, and sustain that thesis with PRIMARY SOURCE evidence taken from the documents provided.  Textual evidence must appear as QUOTATIONS worked into your paragraphs in the form of DIRECT ADDRESS.  When using images as sources, evidence must consist of close description of the part of the image to which the student is referring. 

Course outline and assignments:

***Your ability to note, understand, and describe similarities and differences between sources and between events, policies, and attitudes in different cultures revealed through the readings is crucial for the understanding of history, not to mention for securing successful results in this class.  Look hard for those similarities and differences, and ASK QUESTIONS of the sources, and of the instructor.***

28, 30 August: Introduction, overview of course, "general education," division into groups, how to read (and practice in reading) the textbooks.

Unit I: Polytheism and monotheism in the Fertile Crescent, c. 3000--500BCE.
    Reading assignments: KGO, Chapter 1; DISCOVERING, Chapter 2 (read all the sources in the chapter, be ready to address the questions at the end of the chapter). 

      4 September: Group work in class.  Be prepared to discuss the questions written in that portion of DISCOVERING Cha. 2 "Sources and method" that relate to all sources assigned to your group, PLUS these basic identification questions:  Where and when were they written/created?  By whom were they created?  What else is known about the society from which each source derives?  For these questions, utilize background information in KGO and in "The Problem" in DISCOVERING, Chapter 2.
      Group A: sources 1 & 2; Group B: sources 3 & 4; Group C: source 5; Group D: source 6; Group E: sources 7 & 8; Group F: sources 9 & 10; Group G: source 11.

      6/11 September: Share group results.  Be prepared to speak for your group.

      13 September: Draw conclusions.  Be prepared to compare all sources in the chapter while analyzing these questions:  In ancient societies, what was the range of thought on the origins of human beings/human societies?  How did people in these societies explain events in their worlds?  How did they establish order?  What was common and what was different in these societies if these sources are representative?

Unit II: Ideals/realities in classical Athens, 5th--4th century BCE.
   
Reading assignments: KGO, Chapters 2 & 3; DISCOVERING, Chapter 3 (read all the sources in the chapter, be ready to address the questions at the end of the chapter).
    18 September: Group work in class.  Be prepared to discuss the questions written in that portion of DISCOVERING Cha. 3 "Sources and method" that relate to all sources assigned to your group, PLUS the basic identification questions used in Unit I.  Utilize background information in both KGO and DISCOVERING.
    Group A: source 1; Group B: source 2; Group C: source 3; Group D: source 4; Group E: source 5; Group F: source 6; Group G: source 7.

    18/20 September: Share group results.  Be prepared to speak for your group.

    25 September: Draw conclusions.  Be prepared to compare all the sources in the chapter while analyzing these questions: What ideals for the individual, for the household, and for the government were sketched by ancient Athenian writers in these texts?  How closely, in your opinion, was the ideal operational in reality?  What do your answers to these questions suggest SHOULD be remembered about ancient Athens?  Are those things generally remembered?  If so, why, and if not, why not?

     27 September: Writing seminar...instructions, preparation for essay writing in this course.


     2 October: Practice essay #1, in class, on material in Unit II.

Unit III: Augustus: the transition from republic to empire in Rome.
    Reading assignments: KGO, Chapters 4 & 5; DISCOVERING, Chapter 4 (read all the sources in the chapter, be ready to address the questions at the end of the chapter).
    4 October: Group work in class.  Be prepared to discuss the questions written in that portion of DISCOVERING Cha. 4 "Sources and method" that relate to all sources assigned to your group, PLUS the basic identification questions used in Unit I.  Utilize background information in both KGO and DISCOVERING.
    Group A: sources 8-12; Group B: sources 3 & 4; Groups C & D: sources 5 & 6; Groups E & F: source 7; Group G: sources 1 & 2.

    9 October: Multiple choice examination #1, covering KGO chapters 2, 3, 4, 5.

    4/11 October: Share group results.  Be prepared to speak for your group.

    16 October: Draw conclusions.  Be prepared to compare all the sources in the chapter while analyzing these questions:  What different opinions on the work and character of Augustus were voiced in early imperial Rome? In what ways did Augustus transform Rome, and how can you tell?  What were the real characteristics of his reign?  What were the reasons for his success?  How would you describe Augustus and his rule?  How SHOULD he be remembered?  Is he remembered in this way?  If so why, if not, why not?

Unit IV: Life/learning at medieval universities
    Reading assignments: KGO, Chapters 9 & 10; DISCOVERING, Chapter 7 (read all the sources in the chapter, be ready to address the questions at the end of the chapter).
    18 October: Group work in class.  Be prepared to discuss the questions written in that portion of DISCOVERING Cha. 7 "Sources and method" that relate to all sources assigned to your group, PLUS the basic identification questions used in Unit I.  Utilize background information in
both KGO and DISCOVERING.
    Group A: sources 5 & 6; Group B: sources 7, 8 & 9; Groups C &D: sources 10 & 11; Group E: sources 1 & 2; Group F: sources 12 & 13; Group G: sources 3 & 4.


    18/23/25 October: Share group results.  Be prepared to speak for your group.

    30 October: Draw conclusions.  Be prepared to compare all the sources in the chapter while analyzing these questions:  What sort of rules were devised for university students in the Middle Ages?  How would you characterize the rules?  What were the goals of university teachers, and what methods did they utilize in trying to attain those goals?  What were the characteristics of student life at medieval universities, and how can you tell?  Were these universities places of innovation or of repression?  How SHOULD medieval universities be remembered?


Unit V: Infidels and heretics in the Middle Ages.
     Reading assignments: KGO, Chapters 7 & 9; DISCOVERING, Chapter 8 (read all the sources in the chapter, be ready to address the questions at the end of the chapter).
     1 November: Group work in class.  Be prepared to discuss the questions written in that portion of DISCOVERING Cha. 8 "Sources and method" that relate to the sources assigned to your group, PLUS the basic identification questions used in Unit I.  Utilize background information in both KGO and DISCOVERING.
     Group A: source 1; Group B: source 2; Group C: source 3; Group D: source 4; Group E: source 5;  Group F: source 7; Group G: source 6.


6 November: Practice essay #2, in class, on material in Unit IV.

     1 November/8 November: Share group results.  Be prepared to speak on the sources assigned for your group.

    13 November: Multiple choice examination #2, covering KGO, chapters 7, 9, 10.

     15 November: Draw conclusions.  Be prepared to compare all the sources in the chapter while analyzing these questions: How did authorities representing the Roman church encourage people to respond to Muslim and Cathar threats to its power and its "vision of salvation."  How would you describe the response of the people?  Did representatives of the Roman church describe infidels and heretics in the same way, or in different terms?  What values (that is, prized things/attitudes/qualities) are revealed in the documents contained in this chapter? 


  Unit VI: Renaissance images of women and men.
   
  Reading assignments: KGO, Chapter 11; DISCOVERING, Chapter 11 (read all the sources in the chapter, be ready to address the questions at the end of the chapter).
      27 November: Group work in class.  First, we will examine the images together.  Then, be prepared to discuss the questions written in that portion of DISCOVERING Cha. 11 "Sources and method" that relate to the written source assigned to your group, PLUS the basic identification questions used in Unit I.  Utilize background information in both KGO and DISCOVERING.
    Group A: source 7; Group B: source 8; Group C: source 9; Group D: source 10; Group E: source 4; Group F: source 5; Group G: source 6.

    29 November: Group work/share group results.  Be prepared to speak for your group.

    4 December: Share group results/draw conclusions.  Be prepared to compare all the sources in the chapter while analyzing these questions:  How did authors, and the creators of art depict ideal women and men during the Renaissance in Italy?  Were there differences between the written descriptions and the artistic representations?  Were there differences over the time period in which these sources were created?  Is there any way to determine what men and women were REALLY like in this era, based on the sources examined?  What were they like, and how do you know?  Is that the way Renaissance women and men are usually remembered?  If so, why, if not, why
not?

6 December: Conclusions, examination guidance, course evaluation.


  Unit VII: The Reformation: confessionalization?...social disciplining?
   
  **Fall 2007**: Cancelled. Reading assignments: KGO, Chapter 13 & 15;  DISCOVERING, Chapter 13 (read all the sources in the chapter, be ready to address the questions at the end of the chapter).
      No group work in class.  General discussion only.  Read the KGO chapters, all the sources, and be prepared to discuss them.  What did you find?  What do the sources mean?  What conclusions about the nature of "confessionalization" and "social disciplining" can you draw? Utilize the questions in DISCOVERING Cha. 13 "Sources and method" that relate to all the sources, plus the questions appearing below to guide your reading and thinking.

     : General discussion.  Come prepared to compare all the sources in the chapter while analyzing these questions: What means was the range of methods used by religious and secular authorities to try to educate people and to shape their behavior?  Were these methods effective or not, and how can you tell?  How popular were the changes introduced by religious reformers in this era?  Are the terms "confessionalization," and "social disciplining" (as they were defined in "The Problem" section of the introduction to this chapter) useful in describing what happened in early modern society?  How SHOULD the Reformation era and its affect on the people be described and remembered?  Is this the way that era is remembered today?

    ***Term paper due on Wednesday, 12 December, at 12 Noon.***

Final examination.
   
Final examination will be held on Tuesday, 11 December 8-10AM.

***NOTE: While I do not anticipate any circumstances that would necessitate alteration of the syllabus, all due dates and assignments listed here are subject to change.  Any necessary changes will be announced in class, and will be updated on the on-line syllabus.  This on-line syllabus is the official course schedule, and supersedes any printed version.***

Letter and number grade equivalents:

A = 460 points and higher; A- = 445-455 points; B+ = 425-440 points; B = 405-420 points; B- =390-400 points;  C+ =370-385 points; C =350-365 points;
C- =335-345 points; D =300-330 points; E =below 300 points.

Guide for reading primary source documents:

Be ready to answer the following questions on every primary source assigned for your perusal (reading, viewing, etc.) in this course.  Remember that primary sources and "documents" in this course can come in many different forms.
    1. Who created/wrote the document? When was the document created? (there are both "short" and "long" answers for both of these topics)

    2. Who was the intended audience for this document?

    3.  What story is told by the document? (summarize)

    4.  Why was this document created? (identify the creator's purpose)

     5.  What type of document is this? (identify the genre, think about how this might affect #4)

     6.  What can be learned/concluded about the society that produced this document?

     7.  What difference does this document make for my understanding of the period in which it was produced?

Statement on general education:

Why do the very finest colleges and universities in America, like the University of Chicago, Swarthmore, Harvard, and the University of California at Berkeley, insist that general education programs or "core" curricula are essential to higher education?  Why does Bloomsburg University follow this same model with its own "General Education" curriculum?  Aren't courses outside of one's major irrelevant, especially considering the need to prepare for the job market facing college graduates today?

The general education program at Bloomsburg University, like general education programs and core curricula at other universities, is, in fact, directly relevant to career preparation.  The global economy of the early twenty-first century demands that those who will succeed be flexible, adaptable, and ready to constantly adjust their ways of thinking to continuously changing technical, financial, human and interpersonal realities.  The general education curriculum, when courses are carefully chosen, forces students to develop the ability to think, to analyze information, and to function in widely divergent intellectual disciplines and methods.  Natural science and mathematics
courses in general education can especially impart understanding of the natural world, and of the importance of rational thinking and quantifiable evidence in decision making.  Courses in the social sciences provide understanding of the relationship of human behavior to society and its institutions.  These courses hold a special potential for illustrating the complexities of individual and interpersonal activity in the innumerable contexts of the contemporary world.  Humanities courses can be truly liberating because they help students think freely, independently, about human life, human knowledge, and human expression.  These courses lead students to appreciate the course of the development of ideas and to critically analyze their content.  If students dedicate themselves to excellent performance in courses that train them in different ways of thinking, they will possess the adaptability and facility of mind that will enable them to succeed in any career path.  That facility is at the very heart of the creativity so prized in our global, entrepreneurial economy.

Like all universities, Bloomsburg provides students with additional, wide-ranging opportunities to enhance their general education.  These opportunities are found in the broad offering of speakers and performing arts programs on campus every semester. Through these programs, students can take part in the ongoing debate about human ideas and human values that extends far beyond the confines of any classroom.


The general education program at Bloomsburg University, or at any university, could be considered irrelevant to a student's career preparation.  This particular irrelevance is a strength, however, not a weakness.  Career training teaches students what they must do in order to succeed in some single occupation.  General education, truly "liberal" education, revolves around the polar opposite: opening students to the range of what they can do, not what they must do.  It is "liberal" not according to any particular political or philosophical stance, but in the sense that it liberates the mind.  It liberates persons from a form of bondage that goes all too frequently unrecognized in contemporary society: the bondage to habitual, customary ways to thinking.  Its goal is to help students begin to think for themselves, not to form an elite group of individuals all thinking in the same way, or a band of uncritical moral relativists.  Its goal is to help students begin to pursue a way of life, not a career path.  That way of life is critical and self-reflective.  That way of life can help students guide their own actions in the societal and family contexts that at once contain and supercede their narrower career paths.  The general education curriculum provides access to the education that can result in true freedom of thought: rejection of the presumed validity of any untested assumptions, of whatever political or philosophical color, no matter how commonplace.  Such education is the foundation of this, and any other university, and it forms the fundamental difference between universities and schools of technology, between real education and mere training.

Please note that the general education curriculum at Bloomsburg University only opens the avenue to education.  Development of a habit of thinking can't be delivered, force-fed, or spoon-fed.  Hence, the goal of this program can only be fulfilled when students and their advisors pick the courses conducive to development of the habit.  The goal can only be fulfilled when students come to these courses with an open mind, because without that open mind, students can develop no mind of their own.  The goal can only be fulfilled when students bring real commitment to the process, and work in a way that reflects their commitment.  The time required to truly succeed in these courses, when combined with the even greater investment needed for success in the major program, can push other activities into the background, and it should.  Like any other enterprise, benefits from university study come in direct proportion to the amount of energy expended in the process.

Statement on plagiarism:

Plagiarism, whether accidental or deliberate, is defined in this class as follows.  "Exact word plagiarism": using three or more words of another author in succession, excluding proper nouns.  "Parallel plagiarism": setting up sentences in a paragraph, or even in one sentence alone, where the structure, and/or content, and/or ideas there expressed parallel the structure, content and ideas in the work of another author.  Neither of these forms of plagiarism, whether created deliberately or accidentally, will be tolerated in this class.  If plagiarism is detected, a grade of E for the assignment--or for the course--shall be issued at the discretion of the instructor.  Fabrication of evidence and other forms of academic dishonesty will be treated in an identical fashion.  (See the Academic Integrity Policy in The Pilot, the Bloomsburg University student handbook).

 

Statement on classroom behavior:

Disruptive classroom behavior will not be tolerated.  Such behaviors are defined as 1.) verbal, physical or psychological threats, harassment, and physical violence; 2.) refusal to comply with reasonable directions from the instructor; 3.) repeatedly arriving after class has begun or leaving class early; 4.) distractive talking, including speaking out of turn or monopolizing discussions; 5.) use of any electronic device not related to class during the class period; 6.) use of an electronic device related to class but in a manner that restricts discussion/learning; 7.) use of alcohol, tobacco products, or controlled substances.  If any such behaviors take place in class, the disruptive student will be asked to leave and not allowed to return until the matter is adjudicated through the Office of Student Standards.